Pain Nursing Diagnosis

A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are based on self-report, observational (behavioral), or physiological data. Self-report is considered primary and should be obtained if possible (since pain is a quale by definition, and therefore assessment based on any set scale of expected outcomes from similar cases can fail to provide useful clinical data). Pain scales are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain assessments are often regarded as "the 5th Vital Sign." Examples of Pain Scales Infant Observational : Premature Infant Pain Profile; Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale Child Self-report : Faces Pain Scale - Revised; Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Coloured Analogue Scale Observational : FLACC (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Scale); CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale) Physiological : Comfort Adult Sel

Chronic Pain Chronic pain is defined as pain that has lasted longer than three to six months, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months. Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days, chronic to pain of more than six months duration, and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of chronic pain, involving no arbitrarily fixed durations is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Complete and sustained remission of many neuropathies and most idiopathic chronic pain (pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing, or chronic pain that has no known underlying pathology) is rarely achieved, but much can be done to reduce suffering and improve quality of life. Pain management is the branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach to the relief of pain and improvement in the quality of life of those living with pain. The

Pain is an unpleasant feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." Types of Pain is divided into: 1. Based on the duration or length: Acute Pain 1. Acute pain of short duration, usually less than 6 months and include tissue damage that cause can be identified. 2. In connection with the process of inflammation caused by trauma, surgery, or acute illness, infection, fracture, pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction, treatment procedures. 3. The nature of pain is clear and likely to be lost / recovered. Intended as a warning sign. Occurs after injury to the body. Disappear after a while. Can be accompanied by objec

Nursing Care Plan for Acute Coronary Syndrome Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a cardiac emergency with clinical manifestations of chest discomfort or other symptoms due to myocardial ischemia. Acute coronary syndrome consisting of unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction accompanied by ST segment elevation. Patients with myocardial infarction without ST elevation. Acute coronary syndrome defined as a clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major manifestation of the atherosclerotic process. Nursing Diagnosis : Acute Pain Defining characteristics: Saying pain verbally and non-verbally. Position to reduce pain. Movement to protect. Sleep disorders. Changes in appetite. Autonomic response in the autonomic changes in muscle tone. NIC Outcomes: Pain control. The level of comfort. Pain bullies. Pain level. NOC 1. Pain Management Perform a comprehensive pain assessment starts from the location, chara

Nursing Care Plan for Chronic Pericarditis Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. It is caused by infection of the pericardium which is the thin, tough bag-like membrane surrounding the heart. The pericardium also prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases. Symptoms of pericarditis include chest pain, mild fever, weakness, fatigue, coughing, hiccups, and muscle aches. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. It is caused by infection of the pericardium which is the thin, tough bag-like membrane surrounding the heart. The pericardium also prevents the heart from over expanding when blood volume increases. Symptoms of pericarditis include chest pain, mild fever, weakness, fatigue, coughing, hiccups, and muscle aches. Chronic pericarditis is long-lasting, gradual inflammation of the pericardium, causing accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space or thickening of the pericardium. The chronic varieties of pericarditis are rare. C

Nursing Care Plan for Angina Pectoris Angina pectoris is a term that describes chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia. Angina is chest pain or discomfort that is caused when heart muscle does not get enough blood. It usually lasts for only a few minutes, and an attack is usually quickly relieved by rest or drugs (such as nitroglycerin). Also, it is possible to have myocardial ischemia without experiencing angina. Risk factors Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include family history, smoking, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity and lack of exercise. Cardiac abnormalities, especially outflow obstruction such as aortic stenosis or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Signs and symptoms Symptomatology reported by patients with angina commonly includes the following: Retrosternal chest discomfort (pressure, heaviness, squeezing, burning, or choking sensation) as opposed to frank pain Pain localized primarily in the epigas

Nursing Care plan for Cholelithiasis Cholelithiasis is the medical term for gallstone disease. Gallstones are concretions that form in the biliary tract, usually in the gallbladder. Increased frequency of cholelithiasis is seen in women over the age of 40 years and in those with prior or current pregnancy, estrogen use, diabetes, prolonged fasting (eg, in total parenteral nutrition [TPN] patients), rapid weight loss, hemolysis, or cirrhosis. Symptomatic gallstone disease is treated with cholecystectomy (preferred treatment). In cases where surgery is not desired cholecystostomy may be considered. Dissolution of gallstones with medication, lithotripsy, and other techniques are generally futile. Causes and risk factors Cholesterol stones: Age over 40 years Female gender Parity Estrogen therapy Rapid weight loss High-calorie diet Sedentary lifestyle Diabetes mellitus type 2 Dyslipidemia (increased LDL cholesterol level) TNP Gastric bypass surgery Octreotide therap

Nursing Care Plan for Appendicitis Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, an additional function as the bag is not located on the inferior and the cecum. The most common cause of appendicitis is obstruction of the lumen by fecal supply eventually undermine and erode the mucosal blood flow, causing inflammation (Wilson & gold man, 1989). Type of Appendicitis : 1. Acute appendicitis (sudden). Symptoms of acute appendicitis are fever, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, pain around the navel which is then localized in the lower right abdomen, pain worse for walking, but not everyone will show symptoms like this, it could also just be chills, or nausea - vomiting only. 2. Chronic appendicitis. Symptoms of chronic appendicitis bit similar to stomach acid pain where there is a faint pain (dull) in the area around the navel and sometimes intermittent fever. Often accompanied by nausea, sometimes vomiting, and pain that moves to the right lower abdomen with the typi